Effects algorithms and generic processing

Cut‐and‐paste

Volume, panning and mixing

Equalization

Echo, flange and chorus

Phasing

Reverberation

Directional sound

Compression and limiting, expansion and gating

Multiband dynamic processing: multiband compression and noise reduction

Distortion and excitation

Ring/amplitude modulation (AM)

Time‐granulating pitch shift

Harmonisation by spectral methods

Vocoding